Rails 4

Action Pack:
 Rails 4.0 introduces ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator and uses this as a base from which to generate and verify signed cookies. Existing signed cookies generated with Rails 3.x will be transparently upgraded if you leave your existing secret_token in place and add the new secret_key_base. 
 # config/initializers/secret_token.rb
Myapp::Application.config.secret_token = ‘existing secret token’
Myapp::Application.config.secret_key_base = ‘new secret key base’ 

vendor/plugins:
Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from vendor/plugins. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, lib/my_plugin/* and add an appropriate initializer in config/initializers/my_plugin.rb. 

Active Record:
Rails 4.0 has removed the identity map from Active Record, If you have manually enabled it in your application, you will have to remove the following config that has no effect anymore: config.active_record.identity_map.

The delete method in collection associations can now receive Fixnum or String arguments as record ids, besides records, pretty much like the destroy method does. Previously it raised ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch for such arguments. From Rails 4.0 on delete automatically tries to find the records matching the given ids before deleting them

Rails 4.0 has removed attr_accessible and attr_protected feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the Protected Attributes gem to a smoothly upgrade path.

Rails 4.0 requires that scopes use a callable object such as a Proc or lambda:
scope:active,where(active: true)
#becomes
scope:active,->{where active: true} 

Active Model:
Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to :#{attribute}_confirmation instead of attribute.

Active Resource:
Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. 

Sprockets-rails :
assets:precompile:primary has been removed. Use assets:precompile instead. 

Sass-rails:
asset_url with two arguments is deprecated. For example: asseurl(“rails.png”, image) becomes asset-url(“rails.png”)

Executables:
The script directory has been removed in favor of a new bin directory. This is where your app’s executables will live, and running rake rails:update:bin will put bundle, rake, and rails binstubs into your app’s bin directory. This change can be useful in development, especially on a machine with multiple Ruby versions and gems. You can use bin/rails instead of bundle exec rails to ensure you run your executables in the correct environment.